{"id":600,"date":"2021-01-22T08:29:21","date_gmt":"2021-01-22T14:29:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jmcristobal.com.mx\/?p=600"},"modified":"2022-02-10T07:09:54","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T15:09:54","slug":"vlans-y-trunk-ports","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jmcristobal.com\/es\/2021\/01\/22\/vlans-y-trunk-ports\/","title":{"rendered":"VLANs y Trunk Ports"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Configurando VLANs y Troncales\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/EAGAvjAaPnI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">The video is in Spanish only<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Los puertos troncales pueden transportar dos o m\u00e1s VLANs por un \u00fanico puerto del switch, son de gran ayuda cuando los switches est\u00e1n conectados a otros switches, routers o firewall por un solo puerto.<\/p>\n<p>Para que un frame se transporte por un enlace troncal es necesario agregar el id de la vlan para que los extremos del enlace troncal puedan tratarlo de manera correcta, la identificaci\u00f3n de la vlan se puede realizar utilizando dos protocolos, cada uno utiliza un mecanismo diferente de identificaci\u00f3n de los frames.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e9todos de encapsualci\u00f3n de VLAN:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;\">Inter-Switch Link (ISL) protocol<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;\">IEEE 802.1Q protocol<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Inter-Switch Link ( ISL ):<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Protocolo propietario de Cisco<\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Encapsula el frame con un header (26 byte) y un trailer(4 byte). La VLAN origen es identificada con un campo 15 bits utilizados para el VID (VLAN ID) en el encabezado ISL.  30 bytes en total<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">El rango de VLAN que puede utilizar es de 1 a 4094 (Inicialmente s\u00f3lo soportaba el rango normal de vlans)<\/span><\/li>\n<li>El trailer contiene un chequeo CRC para asegurar la integridad de la data del nuevo frame ISL encapsulado.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-612\" src=\"http:\/\/jmcristobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ISL-frame.png\" alt=\"ISL-frame\" width=\"507\" height=\"171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jmcristobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ISL-frame.png 590w, https:\/\/www.jmcristobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ISL-frame-300x101.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>ISL no se encuentra disponible en todas las plataformas Catalyst.<\/p>\n<h4>IEEE 802.1Q Protocol<b><br \/><\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Est\u00e1ndar abierto de la IEEE que permite la interoperabilidad de m\u00faltiples vendedores.<\/li>\n<li>A diferencia del ISL s\u00f3lo agrega un tag al frame original<\/li>\n<li>El tag es de 4 byte (12 bits utilizados para VID) se encuentra despu\u00e9s del campo Source Address.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-611\" src=\"http:\/\/jmcristobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/802_1Q-frame.png\" alt=\"802_1Q-frame\" width=\"483\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jmcristobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/802_1Q-frame.png 500w, https:\/\/www.jmcristobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/802_1Q-frame-300x143.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>802.1Q introduce el concepto de vlan nativa, los frames que pertenecen a la vlan nativa son los \u00fanicos que no se etiquetan en el enlace troncal. De forma predeterminada, la vlan nativa es la vlan 1, que tambi\u00e9n es la vlan de acceso predeterminada.<\/p>\n<p>Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) puede detectar e informar una discrepancia de vlan nativa. Por defecto la vlan nativa es la vlan 1, como mejor pr\u00e1ctica es recomenadable cambiar la vlan nativa a un id diferente y esta vlan no debe usarse para ning\u00fan otro prop\u00f3sito, s\u00f3lo como una vlan nativa.<\/p>\n<p>De hecho, si un equipo final se conecta a un puerto troncal de un switch, este podr\u00eda recibir los frames de la vlan nativa como si fuese un puerto de acceso. Por defecto los puertos de un switch funcionan en modo acceso.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> ISL no usa vlan nativa<\/p>\n<p><strong>Configuraci\u00f3n de un enlace troncal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Los comandos siguientes es para configurar un enlace troncal est\u00e1tico:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"height-set:true height:700 width-set:true width:700 top-set:false top-margin:10 bottom-set:false left-margin:10 toolbar:2 whitespace-before:1 whitespace-after:1 lang:sh decode:true\">jmcristobal# configure terminal\njmcristobal(config)# interface interface-id\njmcristobal(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q | isl | negotiate\njmcristobal(config-if)# switchport mode trunk\njmcristobal(config-if)# exit<\/pre>\n<p>Para poder configurar un enlace troncal est\u00e1tico con el comando switchport mode trunk es necesario configurar primeramente el tipo de encapsulaci\u00f3n a utilizar, de caso contrario recibiremos un mensaje como el siguiente:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"height-set:true height:700 width-set:true width:700 top-margin:25 left-set:true left-margin:25 toolbar:2 whitespace-before:1 whitespace-after:1 lang:sh decode:true\">jmcristobal(config-if)#switchport mode trunk \nCommand rejected: An interface whose trunk encapsulation is \"Auto\" can not be configured to \"trunk\" mode.<\/pre>\n<p>Por default un enlace troncal permite al transporte de todas las vlans (1-4094), para realizar un filtrado de las vlans que deseamos permitir por el puerto troncal es con el siguiente comando:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"height-set:true height:700 width-set:true width:700 top-margin:25 left-set:true left-margin:25 toolbar:2 whitespace-before:1 whitespace-after:1 lang:sh decode:true\">jmcristobal(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed vlan &lt;vlan_list&gt;<\/pre>\n<p>Tambi\u00e9n podemos agregar, eliminar o exceptuar vlans:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"height-set:true height:700 width-set:true width:700 top-margin:25 left-set:true left-margin:25 toolbar:2 whitespace-before:1 whitespace-after:1 lang:sh decode:true\">jmcristobal(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed vlan [ add | except | remove ] &lt;vlan_list&gt;<\/pre>\n<p>Con el comando anterior debemos tener cuidado en agregar las palabras clave <strong>add, except, remove<\/strong> para a\u00f1adir, elminar o exceptuar las vlans puntuales, si estas palabras clave no se especifican se estar\u00eda sobreescribiendo las vlans que estamos permitiendo en el puerto troncal.<\/p>\n<p>La vlan  nativa la modificamos con el siguiente comando:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"height-set:true height:700 width-set:true width:700 top-margin:25 left-set:true left-margin:25 toolbar:2 whitespace-before:1 whitespace-after:1 lang:sh decode:true\">jmcristobal(config-if)# switchport trunk native vlan vlan-id<\/pre>\n<p>Veamos un ejemplo de configuraci\u00f3n de un enla ce troncal:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"height-set:true height:700 width-set:true width:700 top-margin:25 left-set:true left-margin:25 toolbar:2 whitespace-before:1 whitespace-after:1 lang:sh decode:true\">Switch(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0\/0\nSwitch(config-if)# Switchport trunk native vlan 100\nSwitch(config-if)# Switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,100 \nSwitch(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q\nSwitch(config-if)# Switchport mode trunk<\/pre>\n<p>Validamos las interfaces troncales del switch con el comando show interfaces trunk como se muestra a continuaci\u00f3n:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"height-set:true height:700 width-set:true width:700 top-margin:25 left-set:true left-margin:25 toolbar:2 whitespace-before:1 whitespace-after:1 lang:sh decode:true\">Switch# show interfaces trunk\n\nPort\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mode\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Encapsulation\u00a0 Status\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Native vlan\nGi0\/0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 on\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 802.1q\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 trunking\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 100\n\nPort\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vlans allowed on trunk\nGi0\/0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10,20,100\n\nPort\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vlans allowed and active in management domain\nGi0\/0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10,20,100\n\nPort\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vlans in spanning tree forwarding state and not pruned\nGi0\/0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10,20,100\nSwitch#<\/pre>\n<p>En la actualidad s\u00f3lo se usa el 802.1Q por ser un est\u00e1ndar que funciona con equipos de todos los fabricantes, ISL  era utilizado por las redes m\u00e1s antiguas.<\/p>\n<p>En las l\u00edneas anteriores vimos como configurar un enlace troncal de manera est\u00e1tica, siendo la configuraci\u00f3n m\u00e1s com\u00fan, sin embargo, los switches cisco traen consigo el protcolo DTP que le da funcionalidad de poder negociar el establecimiento de un enlace troncal. En el siguiente art\u00edculo hablaremos de este protocolo.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Mas informaci\u00f3n:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst3750x_3560x\/software\/release\/15-2_4_e\/configurationguide\/b_1524e_consolidated_3750x_3560x_cg\/b_1524e_consolidated_3750x_3560x_cg_chapter_010100.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst3750x_3560x\/software\/release\/15-2_4_e\/configurationguide\/b_1524e_consolidated_3750x_3560x_cg\/b_1524e_consolidated_3750x_3560x_cg_chapter_010100.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/lan-switching\/8021q\/17056-741-4.html?dtid=osscdc000283\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/lan-switching\/8021q\/17056-741-4.html?dtid=osscdc000283<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The video is in Spanish only Trunk ports can carry two or more VLANs over a single switch port and are helpful <\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1392,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[233],"tags":[280,340,427,491,447],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.13 - 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